Concrete Homes - Best Bet on a Windy Day

Solid Homes - Best Bet on a Windy Day At the point when tropical storms and hurricanes cry, the most serious threat to individuals and property is flying flotsam and jetsam. Conveyed at such extraordinary speed, a 2 x 4 bit of timber will turn into a rocket that can cut through dividers. At the point when an EF2 tornado traveled through focal Georgia in 2008, a load up from a shade was ripped off, took off over the road, and pierced itself profound into a nearby strong solid divider. FEMA discloses to us this is a typical breeze related occasion and suggests the structure of safe rooms. Analysts at the National Wind Institute of Texas Tech University in Lubbock have established that solid dividers are sufficiently able to withstand flying garbage from tropical storms and tornadoes. As indicated by their discoveries, homes made of cement are significantly more tempest safe than houses built of wood or even wood studs with steel plates. The implications of these exploration examines are changing the manner in which we manufacture. The Research Study The Debris Impact Facility at Texas Tech is notable for its pneumatic gun, a gadget equipped for propelling different materials of various sizes at various velocities. The gun is in a research center, a controlled situation, To copy typhoon like conditions in the lab, scientists shot divider areas with 15-pound 2 x 4 timber rockets at up to 100 mph, reproducing garbage conveyed in a 250 mph wind. These conditions spread everything except the most extreme tornadoes. Tropical storm wind speeds are not exactly the paces demonstrated here. Rocket tests intended to exhibit harm from tropical storms utilize a 9-pound rocket going around 34 mph. Specialists tried 4 x 4-foot areas of solid square, a few kinds of protecting solid structures, steel studs, and wood studs to rate execution in high breezes. The segments were done as they would be in a finished home: drywall, fiberglass protection, pressed wood sheathing, and outside completions of vinyl siding, earth block, or plaster. The entirety of the solid divider frameworks endure the tests with no auxiliary harm. Lightweight steel and wood stud dividers, be that as it may, offered almost no protection from the rocket. The 2 x 4 tore through them. Intertek, a business item and execution testing organization, has likewise done research with their own ordinance at Architectural Testing Inc. They call attention to that the security of a solid home can be beguiling if the house is worked with unreinforced solid square, which offers a few insurances however not all out. Proposals Fortified solid homes have demonstrated their breeze obstruction in the field during tornadoes, tropical storms, and hurricanes. In Urbana, Illinois, a home built with protecting solid structures (ICFs) withstood a 1996 tornado with insignificant harm. In the Liberty City region of Miami, a few solid structure homes endure Hurricane Andrew in 1992. In the two cases, neighboring homes were demolished. In the fall of 2012, Hurricane Sandy blew separated the more seasoned wood development homes on the New Jersey coast, taking off alone the more up to date condos worked with protecting solid structures. Solid arches, which are made of cement and rebar in one piece, have demonstrated particularly solid. The durable solid development joined with the vault shape make these creative homes about impenetrable to tornadoes, typhoons, and tremors. Numerous individuals can't get over the vibe of these homes, in any case, albeit some fearless (and affluent) mortgage holders are exploring different avenues regarding progressively present day plans. One such cutting edge configuration has a water powered lift to really move the structure underneath the ground before a tornado strikes. Analysts at Texas Tech University suggest that houses in tornado-inclined regions work in-habitation sanctuaries of either concrete orâ heavy check sheet-metal. In contrast to typhoons, tornadoes accompany small admonition, and fortified inside rooms can offer more wellbeing than an outside tempest cover. Other counsel analysts offer is to structure your home with a hip rooftop rather than a peak rooftop, and everybody ought to useâ hurricane lashes to keep the rooftop on and the lumbers straight. Cement and Climate Change - More Research To make solid, you need concrete, and its notable that the assembling of concrete discharges extraordinary measures of carbon dioxide into the air during the warming procedure. The structure exchange is perhaps the biggest supporter of environmental change, and concrete creators and the individuals who buy their item are the absolute biggest supporters of what we know to be ozone harming substance contamination. Exploration on new creation strategies will no uncertainty be met with obstruction from a traditionalist industry, however sooner or later purchasers and governments will make new procedures reasonable and important. One organization attempting to discover arrangements is Calera Corporation of California. They have concentrated on reusing CO2 discharges into the creation of a calcium carbonate concrete. Their procedure utilizes the science found in nature - what shaped the White Cliffs of Dover and the shells of marine creatures? Specialist David Stone inadvertently found an iron carbonate-based solid when he was an alumni understudy at the University of Arizona. IronKast Technologies, LLC is commercializing Ferock and Ferrocrete, produced using steel dust and reused glass. Ultra-superior cement (UHPC) known as Ductalâ ® has been utilized effectively by Frank Gehry in the Louis Vuitton Foundation Museum in Paris and by modelers Herzog de Meuron in the Pã ©rez Art Museum Miami (PAMM). The solid, slender cement is costly, however its a smart thought to watch what the Pritzker Laureate engineers are utilizing, as they are regularly the principal experimenters. Colleges and government substances keep on being the hatcheries for new materials, investigating and building composites with various properties and better arrangements. Also, its not simply concreteâ -the U.S. Maritime Research Laboratory has developed a glass substitute, a straightforward, extreme as-covering clay called spinel (MgAl2O4). Specialists at MITs Concrete Sustainability Hub are additionally focusing their consideration on concrete and its microtextureâ -just as the cost-adequacy of these new and costly items. Why You Might Want to Hire an Architect Building a home to withstand natures rage is certainly not a basic errand. The procedure is neither a development nor plan issue alone. Custom developers can have some expertise in protected cement rorms (ICF), and even give their final results safe-sounding names like Tornado Guard, however engineers can structure excellent structures with proof based material determinations for manufacturers to utilize. Two inquiries to pose on the off chance that you are not working with a planner are 1. Does the development organization have draftsmen on staff? also, 2. Has the organization monetarily supported any of the examination testing? The expert field of design is more than portrayals and floor plans. Texas Tech University even offers a Ph.D. in Wind Science and Engineering. Sources Inline photograph connection of Georgia tornado by Mike Moore/FEMA PhotoStorm Shelter Research and Storm Shelter FAQs, National Wind Institute, Texas Tech University [accessed November 20, 2017]A rundown report on Debris Impact Testing at Texas Tech University, Prepared by Wind Science and Engineering Research Center, June 2003, PDF at https://www.depts.ttu.edu/nwi/research/DebrisImpact/Reports/DIF_reports.pdf [accessed November 20, 2017]Guidance for Wind Resistant Residential Design, Construction Mitigation, Larry J. Leather expert, P.E., NWI Research Assistant Professor, Debris Impact Facility, National Wind Institute, Texas Tech University, PDF at depts.ttu.edu/nwi/research/DebrisImpact/Reports/GuidanceforWindResistantResidentialDesign.pdf [accessed November 20, 2017]Hurricane-Proof Construction Methods Can Prevent the Destruction of Communities, Zach Mortice, Redshift via AutoDesk, November 9, 2017, https://www.autodesk.com/redshift/storm evidence development strategies can-spa re structures networks/[accessed November 20, 2017]

Critically Evaluate the Role of Leaders free essay sample

Basically assess the job of pioneers and chiefs adds to representative inspiration and commitment inside associations Introduction As Anderson says (2010), authoritative achievement not just requires venture supervisors handle ventures, yet additionally lead workers. Administrators and pioneers must have information, aptitudes, devices, and encounters thusly representatives will to tail them. For association, to pick up and continue representatives can not just make worth and elevated levels of execution, yet in addition as the main vehicle through which an authoritative objectives are practiced. All the more critically, the best style of administrations is more than one style; it relies upon followers’ needs. As we realize that administration participates during the time spent incorporating work exercises subsequently individuals can finish work increasingly productive. As indicated by Mullins (2005), the board is a procedure with empowers associations to set and accomplish destinations by arranging association amp; controlling their assets, including their assets, including picking up the responsibility of their representative. The procedure of the board includes sets of continuous choices and activity in which directors connect as they plan, arrange, lead and control. As Laurie (2005) says, the executives takes a stab at high productivity and high adequacy. The board exists in various types of association. Association is almost certain an instrument utilized by individuals by facilitate their various activities to get something they want to. As far as Otara (2001), a great association structure doesn't without anyone else produce great execution without pioneers and troughs. Pioneers and directors in association need to know the principle impacts on conduct in work associations and the idea of the individuals. As per Otara (2011), administrators and pioneers in association are endowed with representatives whom they should work with and through to acknowledge hierarchical targets. In associations, impression of pioneers, chiefs and representatives shape the atmosphere and adequacy of the workplace. This paper right off the bat center around the basic survey the job of initiative and the executives in supporting employees’ inspiration with applicable inspiration hypothesis, and afterward basic audit how pioneers and chiefs in accomplishing representative commitment today. The explanation of pioneers and troughs in rousing people as far as the investigation of Robert (2001), a pioneer or a supervisor should initially be persuaded inside so as to motivate others to activity. A decent pioneer and supervisor can spur others can transform a troublesome circumstance into a learning experience. As far as persuading, Mullins (2005) has distinguished four basic qualities of inspiration. To begin with, inspiration is exemplified as an individual marvel. This implies everybody is one of a kind and all the significant speculations of inspiration take into account this uniqueness to be shown somehow. Second, inspiration is for the most part as purposeful, which implies that inspiration is thought to be under the workers’ control and practices are affected by inspiration. Third, inspiration is multifaceted and the fourth is that persuasive hypothesis is to foresee conduct. Inspiration concerns activity, and the inside and outside powers which impact a person’s decision of activity. Authority in supporting individual inspiration Leader is the individuals telling individuals do the correct things and chief is the individuals who telling individuals do the things right. Mathis (2007) underscores that successful pioneers assemble spans, which implies that a decent pioneer associate past as well as present future to representatives. A decent pioneer is continually keeping representative performing at elevated levels in their work. In addition, there are two significant styles of authority: value-based and transformational. Transformational is about pioneers raise individual’s inspiration, while exchange centers around trade among pioneers and people.. Both of Caldwell, Truong, and Tuan (2011) have recommended that transformational initiative require pioneers keep a promise to inspire people to accomplish greatness. As far as Mathisen, Einarsen, and Mykletun (2010), pioneers are treated as good examples, who continually requiring supporters enlivened by them. In this sense, pioneers legitimately impact singular inspiration through their conduct, character, support and debilitate. Pioneers can likewise in a roundabout way impact singular inspiration through structure an ideal work atmosphere. The executives in rousing people As indicated by Hindle (2008) underscores Fayol’s the board hypothesis incorporates arranging, sorting out, telling, organizing, and controlling. This methodology varies from others since from the base up. Fayol begins with the most basic units of movement, worker’s activities, and afterward to examine the impacts of their activities on profitability, find new techniques to make representatives increasingly effective, and applied what he realizes at lower levels to the pecking order. Fayol additionally searched for the executives standards which could be applied to more extensive associations. As far as inspiration, this paper centers around Maslow’s chain of command of necessities model and Herzberg’s two-factor hypothesis with significance models. As far as Maslow’s hypothesis, representative consistently needs more. This pecking order of requirements remember five for all out, which are physiological, wellbeing, love, regard, and self-completion. Physiological originates from human instinct. Wellbeing likes working wellbeing and security. Love alludes to get and give love. Regard incorporates confidence and regard of others. Self-completion needs are about improvement of person’s maximum capacity. All these five needs show in a pyramid structure. After lower needs been accomplished, pioneers and directors need to move to concentrate on higher ones. Also, Maslow shows that the chain of importance isn't really a fixed request and it generally widespread among various societies. So there still exist a few troubles to relate this hypothesis to genuine word. As far as supervisor and pioneers, they not just need to comprehend employees’ life during work, yet additionally need an outline comprehension of employees’ family and public activity. All things being equal, diverse individual implies that individuals may put various qualities on a similar need, for instance, inspiration components may not the equivalent for individuals at a similar degree of necessities. Regarding Herzberg’s two-factor hypothesis, the cleanliness factors will be factors which causing working disappointment. Cleanliness factors interface with work condition. Managing cleanliness factors is intending to maintain a strategic distance from disappointment in work. Spurring factors identify with works. Cleanliness factors related with low needs of Maslow’s hypothesis and sparks factors related with significant level of Maslow’s hypothesis. For pioneers and chiefs, they need concentrate on the sparks or cleanliness factors. In addition, this hypothesis proposes that if pioneers and chiefs are prepared to give positive inspiration, they have to focus on both of these two factors rather than one in particular. The necessities in pioneers and supervisors in connecting with workers when all is said in done, there are four stages in procedure of commitment. In the first place, fulfillment with the activity, worker who in general appreciates the activity, happy with the terms and conditions. Second, workers fiery with occupations and endeavor to accomplish individual objectives more than group ones. Third, representatives generally function admirably in groups. Last, workers contribute shielding the association. As indicated by Yukl (2008), initiative is tied in with setting another course for a gathering, while the executives is tied in with coordinating and controlling as per set up standards. In wording pioneers and troughs, Otara (2011) has accentuations that as a rule, pioneers and supervisors are having three significant abilities inside associations, these four aptitudes incorporate vision, relational abilities, recognition aptitudes and specialized abilities. In addition, Simanskene and Trarasevicius (2010) underscore that without these four abilities from businesses, workers are probably going to be low efficiency in the entire commitment. Thusly if pioneers and administrators access to accomplish commitment, it is vital for them to have these four abilities. Non-center job commitment as another arrangement Study of Trahant (2007) has contended representative commitment will in general be a main marker in working execution, particularly in open areas. The more drawn in representative, the more powerful the association will be. Notwithstanding, the investigation of Welbourne (2007) has indicated just 14 percent to 30 percent of representatives are locked in busy working today. As far as pioneers and oversees in accomplishing representative commitment, numerous individuals may believe that commitment implies long haul responsibility, marriage, and family. In 1980s, Japanese bosses expected faithfulness hence offered lifetime work to representatives. However, presently, globalization has changed workforce and gifted representatives are not willing additional time and additional exertion. This prompts efficiency decline. As far as Woodruffe (2006), numerous pioneers and directors are obsolete and essentially feeling that representatives would give great work exhibitions just since organization recruits them. All things considered, there are some non-monetary components which decide employees’ working spot other than cash factor. As Welbourne (2007) states, job based execution model is another alternative to give worker commitment in the regard of practices. This model causes pioneers and administrators to recognize kinds of practices required from representatives and the aftereffect of employee’s commitment in non-center occupation job would be new thoughts today. The procedure of pioneers and troughs in accomplishing commitment According to Welbourne (2007), in today’s business showcase, managers worry on where they work since they may head off to some place else on the off chance that they don't feel being created. Consequently pioneers and administrators need to get preparing and improvement to their workers, particularly to gifted representatives. As notice previously, so as to p

Ecstasy (MDMA) Myths, Effects, Risks, and How to Get Help

Ecstasy (MDMA) Myths, Effects, Risks, and How to Get Help Addiction Drug Use Ecstasy/MDMA Print What to Know About Ecstasy Use By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on September 03, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on September 03, 2019 Diverse Images / Getting Images More in Addiction Drug Use Ecstasy/MDMA Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Does Ecstasy Do? Common Side Effects Signs of Use Myths & Common Questions Addiction & Withdrawal How to Get Help View All Back To Top Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), better known as ecstasy or molly, is a synthetic drug derived from amphetamine.?? People tend to use it recreationally because of the host of effects it can produce within an hour or so after taking a single dose, such as feelings of mental stimulation, decreased anxiety, and enhanced sensory perception. However, as with any street drug, using MDMA also comes with notable risks. Ecstasy became popular during the 1970s and 1980s when it became a mainstream street drug associated with music festivals, raves, concerts, and clubs. BZP (benzylpiperazine) is now also being used as a legal form of ecstasy. In 1985, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)  placed MDMA on the list of Schedule I drugs, meaning that it isnt used to treat any medical condition and it has a high potential for abuse.?? Also Known As: Other common names for MDMA include Adam, Beans, Clarity, E, Hug, Love drug, Molly, Roll, Scooby snacks, Snowball, X, or XTC. Drug Class: Ecstasy acts as both a stimulant and a hallucinogen. Common Side Effects: Some of the more common side effects of ecstasy include nausea, blurred vision, rapid breathing, increased heart rate, and involuntary teeth clenching. How to Recognize Ecstasy Ecstasy usually comes in a small, colored tablet that may have a brand logo or cartoon character stamped on it. It can also come in a capsule, liquid, or powder form. It usually has a bitter taste. MDMA pills frequently include other dangerous substances such as meth, cocaine, ketamine, or LSD, so it is difficult to know exactly what the tablets contain. What Does Ecstasy Do? MDMA works by boosting the activity of three brain chemicals called neurotransmitters: dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine.?? These chemicals play a part in a variety of functions such as mood, energy level, appetite, trust, sexual activity, emotions, and sleep. People who use ecstasy report feelings of euphoria, warmth, openness, and clarity as well as heightened sensations of touch, sound, and smell. Some people report feeling energetic and uninhibited. The effects typically begin within 30 minutes of taking the drug and last for three to six hours. What the Experts Say One five-year study published in the Journal of Psychopharmacology found that only 60% of the ecstasy tablets they tested contained any MDMA at all.?? Those that did contain the drug were frequently mixed with other substances, most often bath salts (aka fake cocaine). In nearly a quarter of the samples tested, researchers were not even able to determine what substances the pills contained. The researchers suggested that offering on-site pill-testing stations at concerts and other social events where ecstasy is commonly consumed might reduce risks to users.     The fact that most ecstasy pills contain unknown substances is dangerous because people taking the drug dont know for sure what they are ingesting or how their body will react. Another danger is that potential interactions can occur between the ingredients as well as any other substances people use with MDMA such as alcohol, medications, or other drugs.?? The drug is often taken at social events such as raves and concerts due to its energizing effects. The problem is that it is impossible to know if these effects are due to the drug itself or the presence of other stimulants that ecstasy is often mixed with. Off-Label Uses MDMA was originally developed in 1912 as a pharmaceutical compound to help synthesize medications to control bleeding. During the 1960s and 1970s, for example, a small number of psychiatrists started giving MDMA to their patients as a way to facilitate psychotherapy. Despite the fact that MDMA was not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), these doctors believed that it lowered their patients inhibitions, causing them to talk more openly and honestly. While MDMA is still on the list of Schedule I drugs, studies are being conducted to see if its effective in treating anxiety in people with a terminal illness, as well as those with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).?? Common Side Effects Ecstasy can produce the positive effects that people seek in as little as 15 minutes, but it can also cause a variety of negative effects. MDMA isnt a harmless drugâ€"there are serious risks involved with taking it, including hyperthermia, cardiovascular effects, impaired mental capabilities, risky behavior, and overdose. Positive Effects Mental stimulation An increased sense of well-being Emotional warmth Empathy Feeling less reserved Decreased anxiety Increased energy Enhanced sensory perception Negative Effects Nausea Chills or hot flashes Sweating Teeth clenching Muscle cramping or stiffness Loss of appetite Disorganized thinking Dehydration Restless legs Agitation The Effects of MDMA on the Brain Hyperthermia: MDMA is often used during high-energy activity, such as dancing at clubs or music festivals. However, it limits your bodys ability to regulate your temperature, so when you engage in vigorous activity for long periods of time, youre at a higher risk of developing hyperthermia, a condition in which your body temperature becomes too high.?? Thankfully, hyperthermia is rare, but it needs to be treated immediately because it can quickly lead to muscle breakdown, which can then result in kidney failure and heart disturbances. Cardiovascular Effects: If you use it regularly, taking MDMA can cause your heart to stop working efficiently, an especially dangerous effect if youre also engaging in strenuous activity. Impaired Mental Ability: In the hours after youve taken ecstasy, there are significant impairments in your mental abilities such as processing information, memory, concentration, and your capacity to judge motion.?? This underscores how dangerous it is to engage in activities like driving while youre under the influence of MDMA. Risky Behavior: Because MDMA lessens your inhibitions and causes feelings of trust and emotional warmth, youre more likely to engage in unsafe sexual activities that may result in getting (or giving) a sexually transmitted infection (STI) like hepatitis or HIV. Your risk of engaging in unsafe drug use, such as injecting yourself with a dirty needle, is also higher. Signs of Use Some of the common signs that someone might be using ecstasy include: The presence of drug paraphernalia (e.g., pills, tablets, powders)Dilated pupilsMood changesHigh and long-lasting energy levelsChanges in sleep habitsTeeth clenchingMuscle tensingChills or sweatsConfusionSensitive emotionsHigh levels of euphoria Ecstasy use can also lead to an accidental overdose. Using other drugs or alcohol with MDMA increases this risk. Overdose Signs to Watch For High blood pressureFeeling faintPanic attacksLoss of consciousnessSeizuresYou should contact emergency services immediately if you suspect someone has overdosed or is having a negative reaction to ecstasy. Myths Common Questions One common ecstasy myth is that it is a safe party drug with few long-term effects. However, many people still feel anxious, restless, irritable, and sad up to a week after using MDMA. People also sometimes have memory and concentration problems and experience lack of pleasure from sex. Similarly, increased anxiety, impulsive behavior, aggression, sleep issues, loss of appetite, and heart disease have been observed in regular MDMA users.?? Its not clear if all of these effects are strictly from MDMA use. Some of them may be related to other drugs that people often use along with MDMA. These effects may also be attributed to the other (often unknown) ingredients found in MDMA. Ecstasy (MDMA) Facts and Myths Tolerance, Dependence, and Withdrawal Some research, as well as anecdotal reports, suggest that people do develop a tolerance to ecstasy after repeated use. When tolerance occurs, people must increase the amount of the substance they take in order to feel the same effects that they initially experienced.   Research also suggests that ecstasy does have some dependence potential. Dependence means that people have to keep taking the drug in order to avoid experiencing the negative effects of withdrawal. In the case of ecstasy, the risks of physical dependence seem to be less likely than those of psychological dependence. How Long Does Ecstasy Stay in Your System? How long ecstasy lasts and stays in your system depends on a number of factors including metabolism, body mass, hydration levels, and food intake. The effects of the drug usually start within 30 minutes of consumption and the high lasts from three to six hours. MDMA is usually detectable by urine drug tests for one to four days after taking the drug. The detection window can also be influenced by how much of the drug was taken.   How Long MDMA Stays in Your System Addiction The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) reports that there has not been conclusive research indicating whether or not MDMA is addictive.?? Ecstasy impacts many of the same neurotransmitter sites that are targeted by other addictive substances.  Animal studies have found that animals will self-administer the drug, but the research suggests that this effect is less pronounced than it is with other addictive drugs such as cocaine.   Withdrawal When you use MDMA, your brain releases a flood of neurotransmitters that bring on the uplifting effects of the drug.?? Afterward, you may find it difficult to achieve the same levels of happiness because your brain has depleted these neurotransmitters. This can lead to withdrawal symptoms like: AnxietyConfusionInsomniaPoor memoryFatigueDifficulty concentratingDepression These symptoms of withdrawal can sometimes cause people to continue using in order to avoid feeling these unpleasant effects. How to Get Help If you feel that you have a problem with ecstasy use, its crucial that you get treatment. This will help you learn how to stop using MDMA, avoid substituting it with other drugs, and improve your mental health. Treatment options usually focus on behavioral therapies that help people change the underlying thought patterns that contribute to substance use.?? Cognitive-behavior therapy, individual counseling, and support groups are approaches that might be utilized in either outpatient or residential settings. If you are concerned about your ecstasy use, talk to your doctor about your treatment options or call the toll-free SAMHSA national hotline at 1-800-662-4357 to locate treatment services in your area.

Environmental Issue Essay - 1174 Words

Environmental problems are something which belongs to nature or known as â€Å"Mother Earth† [13]. Nature was created to help people survive from gathering foods until build a house. This phenomenon happens continuously without thinking how much damage that nature has because human’s fault. Nature gradually becomes worse and animal’s life in danger. People who are aware of the importance of nature react. Those people do several ways to save the environment. Although these efforts can return back the environment, these efforts only can be hold temporarily. This problem happens because those people who are aware of the environment only slightly; for remaining, there are people either do not know or do not care about the nature. People’s efforts†¦show more content†¦Air pollution levels have a large existence in big cities in Indonesia like Jakarta, Bandung, and so on. This problem happens because the number of motor vehicle use that is not limited [ 1]. Exhaust smog are the cause of air pollution which has the dangerous effects for people’s health. Exhaust smog is a result of burning fuel oil every motor vehicle. There are two types of burning fuel oil: the first is complete burning [2] and incomplete burning [3]. These types of burning have the differentiation in producing the remainder. Complete burning produces carbon dioxide as a result of remaining while incomplete burning produces carbon monoxide as a result of the rest. Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide are gases that are harmful to people’s health and could decrease ozone layer [4] [5]. Exhaust smog is hazardous to people’s health. Exhaust smog is a result of burning fuel oil [6]. Consequently, exhaust smog has possibility to contain carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide gas. These harmful gases affect human respiration. Carbon monoxide makes the respiratory system becomes worse. Carbon monoxide will interfere with the process of hemoglobin in breathi ng [7]. As a result, people will not only feel lack of oxygen but also often feel dizzy and weak. In the other hand, carbon dioxide causes dizziness and fatigue to the sufferer [8]. In the prevention and reduction of the impact of exhaust smog, the Indonesian government decided all motor vehicle users have to checkShow MoreRelatedEssay on Media Portray of Environmental Issues523 Words   |  3 PagesThe way that media has portrayed environmental issues has changed radically in the past few years. Environmental issues often aren`t considered newsworthy unless something large scale occurs with a notable impact on everyday life. The BP oil spill in 2010 made front pages world wide, there was a sudden push for the rescue of marine life and a general disgust for the condition of the Gulf Coast. 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This chapter furthers the discussion by exploring current trends in environmental activism ranging from the modest to extreme opportunities for engagement beyond traditional media. Nowadays, photographers, environmental advocates, and NGOs reorient public perceptions about environmental issues through unique and creative experiences that have expanded to the web, and latelyRead MoreLand Degradation in Turkey Essay755 Words   |  4 Pagesgrowth in population and an expediential rise in migration from rural areas to urban cities. This rapid rise of population in urban areas has brought with it a fear of environmental degradation and rise in risk exposure. The government of Turkey has taken steps in order to lessen impacts on the environment by placing the â€Å"environmental law† and the creation of National Ministry of Environment created in 1991(EIA, 2010). However land degradation in Turkey is not solely due to population growth or human

Comparison of Patons Cry, The Beloved Country and...

In Cry, the beloved country, Alan Paton tells the story of his journey across Africa, his experiences with the colonized Africa, and the destruction of the beautiful, pre-colonialism native land of Africa. Heart of Darkness also tells the story of a man and his experiences with colonialism, but a man who comes from a different time period and a very different background than Alan Paton’s Stephen Kumalo. Although, both Joseph Conrad and Alan Paton portray the colonized areas as very negative, death filled, and sinful places, it is when one analyzes the descriptions of the native lands of Africa that the authors reasons for their disapproval of colonialism are truly revealed. When comparing the writing styles of Alan Paton and Joseph Conrad,†¦show more content†¦Conrad revealed his ideas through his character, Marlow, when we read his experiences traveling down the Congo when he sees the natives and their land that has been untouched by colonialism. Conrad’s lack of concern for the natives may have been a result of his experiences with them during his journey in Africa. Assuming Heart of Darkness’ character Marlow is a representation of Conrad himself, he did saw the native people in both conditions. He experienced them in the Belgium Congo, beaten and broken from the harshness of the colonists and he saw them in their natural state before the effects of colonialism had reached them. One may argue that his lack of concern for the natives was because he had seen them in their homeland and before their home had been changed, and maybe he chose to believe that there was hope left in Africa for its tribal tradition. This statement is simply not true; Marlow fully experienced the devastation left by colonialism in Africa, yet his animosity towards colonialism was still due to the concern for his own people, the white colonists. Another major contributor to the different attitudes of Paton and Conrad is the places they grew up. Joseph Conrad was born in Poland, a predominantly white area, whereas Paton was born in South Africa. As opposed to the selfish, fearful concern that Conrad felt for his own people, Paton had true concern for the native tribes of Africa. Alan

The Practice Of Concrete Repair Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(193) " chief theories pointed by different writers on the subject are the soaking up theories and the mechanical blocking theories \( Emmons et Al, 1994 ; Santos et Al, 2007 ; Maerz et Al, 2001 \) \." Concrete fix can be defined as the act of regenerating, reconstructing, or replacing of any concrete or concrete surfaces after initial arrangement ( Smoak et al, 2002 ) . In general, the demand for concrete fix can originate from different causes which may change from minor concrete holes or cracks- such as ensuing from minor imperfectnesss due to snap-tie holes or she-bolt holes, to major amendss ensuing from external factors or structural failures. In pattern, it is found that the bulk of the defects can be repaired or made good, while in some instances it is frequently found that the rebuilding of the single member or construction is frequently economical ( Allen et al, 2005 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on The Practice Of Concrete Repair Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is agreed in general that the protection and the fix of the concretes are complex undertakings which requires particular attending and incorporate cognition of different specializer Fieldss. Due to the explosive growing of economic systems around the universe and due to the increased investing in substructures ( particularly in footings of care, Restoration and fix ) in the recent old ages, the fix and protection of concrete constructions has become a major subject of both scientific and economic involvement. As a consequence, the building industry has faced many challenges and demands. Underneath these demands lies the fact that the concrete construction deteriorate over clip at unbearable rates. As such, it is extremely necessary to develop the ways by which the life of the concrete constructions can be increased. There is besides a demand for appropriate tools and techniques to transport out the undertaking of fix and care of the concrete constructions within the limited budgets available. It is besides of import to see the importance of environmental conditions to which the concrete constructions are exposed while sing the tools and techniques employed for the fix of the constructions. The field of concrete fix calls for the integrated cognition ( expertness ) of different scientific Fieldss. The basic thought behind this fact is that the edifices or the concretes are confronting different environmental or external conditions and around the universes, the field pose many challenges to both the academe and the practicians likewise. Added to this, the fact that many edifices have their ain history and nature, it becomes necessary to develop and implement single schemes and solutions for the protection, fix and care of concretes. As a consequence of these complications, different basic schemes and solutions has been developed of the fix of the concrete constructions ( Raupach, cited in Alexander et Al, 2009 ) . This highlights the fact that this country requires knowledge from different Fieldss and that the sphere of the topic is more of interdisciplinary in nature. 2.2.1 The pattern of concrete Repair: There are different criterions to which the pattern of fix of the concrete should be carried out. EN 1504 provides 43 methods to mend and protect the concrete constructions which are based on 11 different rules. However, it is by and large recommended that the interior decorator can take the appropriate solution depending on different conditions like the economical and proficient considerations ( Alexander et al, 2009 ) . It has besides been recommended in the old surveies that while choosing the optimum methods for different state of affairss, the interior decorator should look into in item the particular inquiries such as the needed degree of care, lastingness, and the sustainability ( ibid ) . Many writers have based their plants on the subject of concrete fixs ( Wall and Shrive, 1998 ; Kuhlmann, 1990 ; Plum, 1990, etc ) . Though there are many methods or criterions sing the concrete fixs, it can besides be noted that there is no standard design specification for the fix of the concretes. It can be argued from an beginning that a proper apprehension of why the spots fail could perchance cut down the figure of failures. However, due to the absence of standard design process for the fix of the concretes and the deficiency of apprehension, many research workers have now concentrated their attempts towards understanding the lastingness of fix spots. 2.3 Adhesion between the concretes: In the field of concrete research, the adhesion between the concrete is one among the largely researched subjects. This has been argued to be an of import facet that influences the lastingness and the dependability of the spot up or the fix works ( Czarnecki et al, 2007 ) . In general, adhesion which can be considered as a basic issue in the fix of the concretes can be defined as the attachment of two stuffs in contact ( Czarnecki, cited in Alexander, M. G. , et Al, 2009 ) . The EN 1504-10 criterions ( European Standards ) used the term ‘bond ‘ to bespeak the adhesion that takes topographic point between the old concrete and the new concrete. As such, it is an of import factor that can besides find the effectivity of the fix. Fiebrich ( 1994 ) divided the adhesion mechanisms into three types ; mechanical interaction, chemical bonding and thermodynamic mechanisms. The European Standards, EN 1504 provides two ways of look of the formulated bond degree consequences of the adhesion ( Czarnecki, cited in Alexander, M. G. , et Al, 2009 ) . Threshold value in MPa ; towards structural fix ( EN 1504-3 ) : gt ; 2,0MPa ( Class R4 ) , gt ; 1,5 MPa ( Class R3 ) ; Pass/fail standards towards structural bonding ( EN1504-4 ) e.g. hardened concrete-to-hardened concrete or fresh concrete-to-hardened concrete: the trial shall ensue in break in the concrete. Once the bond is formed between the concretes, the bond can so be said to be effectual merely if the freshly formed bond ensures an even distribution of the emphasiss and an effectual transportation of burden without failure. Specifically, it has been found that the addition in adhesion, consequences in higher tolerance on non-compatibility belongings of both the old concrete and the new covering stuff ( Czarnecki et al, 2007 ) . 2.4 Factors impacting Adhesion: There are many basic theories on adhesion that describe the mechanisms of the attachment between the old concrete and the new sheathing stuff. The chief theories pointed by different writers on the subject are the soaking up theories and the mechanical blocking theories ( Emmons et Al, 1994 ; Santos et Al, 2007 ; Maerz et Al, 2001 ) . You read "The Practice Of Concrete Repair Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Briefly, in the first theory associating to the thermodynamic surface assimilation the intermolecular forces or the Van der waal forces, the chemical linkage through the interface and the H affair increases the bond between the old and the new concrete. The 2nd theory of mechanical blocking can be broken down at two degrees foremost macroscopic in which the raggedness of surface creates mechanical blockings between sheathing and concrete and secondly at microscopic degree, the surface porousness at the interface substrate, comparable to a micro-roughness , facilitates grounding by tangle of hydrates, Bouksani et Al ( 2010 ) . Czarnecki ( 2009 ) in his research about the adhesive facets of the concrete bonds gave a important decision. He concluded that there are many factors impacting the adhesive strengths. These included: The belongingss of the fix stuffs: this included, viscousness, shrinking during puting, surface tenseness, weirdo, etc. Old concrete ( concrete substrate ) : strength of the stuff, presence of drosss, clefts present on the surface and the micro clefts, porousness of the stuff, the raggedness of the surface, etc, . The consequence of the environment: the degree of temperature- the alteration and the rate of alteration, presence of moisture- humidness degree and the alteration of humidness degree, the phenomenon of transportation- suction due to capillary consequence, the loading-mechanical burden, ageing, consequence of corrosion etc, . All these factors mentioned supra could act upon the bond between the concretes. Many of the factors could increase the bonds between the concretes but, in most of the instances, these grounds cause devastation in concrete bonds. Due to these grounds, it is obvious there is still a demand for the High Adhesive Repair Materials to be used in the fix patterns in order to turn to these issues. It has been identified that adhesion will depend on many factors. These are chiefly due to the phenomena that take topographic point at the interface country of the concretes ( Slater, 2001 ) . The chief phenomena includes, raggedness of the stuff surface, presence of wet on the surface, the humidness degrees of the external environment, external burden, wetability of the surface, the belongingss or the influence of the linear stuffs, etc, . The importance of surface raggedness, wet status and bring arounding status is frequently highlighted in many researches. It has been said that the first measure in fix or the care of the concrete after taking the method is to fix the surface of the bing concrete on to which the concrete is to be laid. This may include the remotion of the bing deteriorated concrete bed so that this can be replaced by the new stuff. The strength will depend on the grade of attachment of the new stuff on to the bing stuff. However, the influence of the raggedness and the wet of the surface besides contribute to the overall bond between the old and the new concrete. Therefore, it is really of import to guarantee that the wet and the roughness quality of the surface is achieved to the needed degree before the new concrete is laid on to the bing concrete ( Courard, 2000 ) . The difference in the consequence of the researches carried out by different research workers could be observed on ; the status under which the hardening is carried out ; the humidness status ; the bonding agents used in the experiment ; the temperature at which the trial is carried out ; the age of the specimen ; the type of the trial employed ; the design/setup of the specimen, etc. To this point, Julio et Al ( 2004 ) argued the importance of different trial parametric quantities to be considered while comparing the consequences. They noted that these differences produced contradictory consequences and as such, there is no consensus in the findings. Therefore it is by and large agreed that the comparing of findings appear to be hard. But, to acquire an overview of the current cognition and substantial findings some of the major factors that affect the adhesion between concretes are discussed below. 2.4.1 A individual survey sing assorted factors: Wall et Al ( 1988 ) investigated the factors impacting the bond between the old and the new concrete in concrete fixs. The experiment was carried out to research the effects on the bonds based on different parametric quantities. These parametric quantities included the thickness of the bed of the bonds, the ratio of the cement and H2O used in fixing the howitzer, the influence of different conditions under which the hardening procedure was carried out, the influence of wetting the surface of the old concrete onto which the new concrete is laid, the influence of the hold between blending the copolymer PVA bonding agent and its application to the old concrete. The major difference that can be noted from the survey carried out by Wall et Al ( 1988 ) and other researches is the difference in the bonding strength of the specimens incorporating the Portland cement to the specimens that contained Copolymer PVA agents. It was observed in their survey that the specimens that contained Portland cement howitzer were stronger than the PVA agent 1s. Major differences were besides found in the trials associating to the thickness of the new concrete bed or the repair stuff applied to the older concretes. It was found that the strength increased when the thickness reduced ( 1/8 in and 3/16 in proved stronger than the 1/4 in bed ) . However, the writers do non give farther account sing this phenomenon. Notably, the research did non supply clear account about the affect of cement to H2O ratio. The compressive strengths for different H2O to cement ratios were found to be different. Ultimate compressive emphasis for a H2O cement ratio of 0.32 was found to be lower ( 1870 pounds per square inch lower ) than the one which had a H2O cement ratio of 0.40 by this observation, Wall et Al ( 1988 ) concluded that the bond strength between the two concretes decreased as the H2O cement ratio besides decreased. One another determination was about the surface status of the substrate concrete before the application of the new bed. It was found that the pre-wetting of the substrate before the application of the new bed resulted in bettering the strength of the bond. In instances when the PVA bonding agents dried before the application of the fix stuff to the surface, it was found that the compressive strength of the bonds decreased by 10 % . However, it was besides found that the howitzers with PVA modified cements produced higher bond strength. One other of import facet found was the influence of the bring arounding status on the strength of the bonds. Different specimens were cured under different hardening conditions. It was found to impact the ultimate strength. Though it was found that the specimens that were cured under high humidness conditions ( 100 % ) had greater strengths than the 1s cured in less humid conditions, the differences were non considerable. Hence it was concluded that the grade of influence was little when sing other parametric quantities. 2.3.2 Influence of Material for the Repair: Though there are many methods that can be followed while mending the concretes, it is advised that proper attention should besides be taken while sing the fix stuff. Once these have been selected, the following of import measure is to clearly understand the conditions that the concrete will see over its life. Some of the cardinal factors are the conditions conditions, chemical exposures, the scope of temperature, the magnitude of the burden and the continuance to which the concrete is exposed to the burden, the nature of the spot ( aesthetic or structural ) , etc. It is of import to see these facts because different researches in to the field of the concretes have shown that the public presentation of the spot stuff varies under different conditions. It can be argued that proper attention should be taken while choosing the spot stuffs by giving proper consideration to the stuff belongingss of the substrate concrete and the old concrete and the conditions to which the concrete will be exposed over its life. It could be recommended that the stuffs with different belongingss could be selected merely if the bond strengths are non affected and further it does non do any lastingness jobs ( Wipf et al, 2004 ) . However, it is critical to guarantee that the internal emphasiss do non transcend the tensile emphasiss of the substrate ( Wipf et al, 2004 ) . Influence of Adulthood: The bond between the substrate and the new concrete has besides been linked with the adulthood of the sheathing. This was pointed by Delatte et Al ( 2000 ) . To lucubrate over this subject, they linked the adulthood of the sheathing to the bond strength, which in bend was related to the overall strength of the stuff ( interface ) . It was concluded in their research that the early- age strength of the concrete had important consequence on the bond strength and the tensile strength of the stuff. These groups of researches have besides highlighted that sheathing or the interface as one of the major zones of the break. Therefore, harmonizing to Beushausen and Alexander ( 2008 ) , mechanisms of bond failures in relation to the parametric quantities of stuff and the location of failure will necessitate farther research. 2.3.3 Influence of Test Method: It has been argued in the old diaries that the quality of the bond strength can be influenced by a scope of parametric quantities associating to the stuff and the conditions of the environment ( Alexander and Beushausen, 2008 ) . Another of import factor is the trial method used. There are assorted test methods proposed to measure bond belongingss and public presentation of fix stuffs in general. They include the tensile bond, slant-shear, twist-off, flexural and patch trial etc. , However each trial is influenced by different combinations of factors and can non give entirely a full image ( Austin et al,1999 ) . For case, Momayez et Al ( 2005 ) reported in their survey that in few instances bond strength from some trials were upto eight times higher than those obtained from other type of trials. Additionally, it is of import to observe that the mechanical adhesion in tenseness varies well from that in shear ( Alexander and Beushausen, 2008 ) . Therefore, it can be argued that the positions of different writers ‘ will besides depend on the pick of the methods used in finding the bond strength. 2.3.4 Condition of the surface of the interface: The bond strength besides depends on the general status of the surface like cleanliness. There is besides particular industry criterions to which the cleansing and preparing of the concrete surface should be carried out before the fix is carried out ( Charles and Scott, 1997 ) . In add-ons to these criterions, there are besides many standard recommendations provided by different makers of the fix material merchandises. The more normally known industry criterions are: ASTM D 4258 Surface Cleaning Concrete for Coating ; ASTM D 4259 Abrading Concrete ; ASTM Standards for Cleaning, Surface Preparation, and Testing ; ASTM D 4285 Indicating Oil of Water in Compressed Air, etc. One of the major points to be considered while cleaning the surface is the presence of the surface contaminations. This can be in the signifier of liquids or solids. There is a possible menace that these contaminations could jobs for the application of the stuff, hardening, adhesion or other things which are critical for organizing the bond between the two concrete beds ( Wipf et al, 2004 ) . It is noted that the presence of dust and unsound concretes are besides a major barrier for organizing a strong bond between concretes. It is recommended that the usage of the doodly-squat cock be avoided when covering with the damaged concretes. Alternatively, the usage of the chisel and cock can guarantee that the structural belongingss of the concretes are non affected ( Ibid ) . 2.3.5 Influence of Roughness: The influence of the raggedness to the bond strength between the concretes has been argued by many writers. It has been argued in the old surveies that the add-on of the ordinary concrete on to the interface that is unsmooth green goods better consequences than the 1 that was laid on to the smooth interface ( Garbacz et al, 2006 ) . These findings are similar to the 1s investigated by other writers excessively. Matana et Al ( 2005 ) identified in their research that the bonds between the concretes provided good bond strength when the stuff had unsmooth interface. Similar consequences were besides given by Courard ( 2006 ) . Roughness of the substrate surface is frequently presented as the most of import factor to accomplish a good bond. This betterment is chiefly assigned to the addition of the contact surface ( Talbot et al 94, Santos et al 07 ) . On the other manus through the survey done by Perez et Al ( 2009 ) , while analyzing about the correlativity between the raggedness of substrate surface and debonding hazard, they interpreted by their consequences that increasing of raggedness does non heighten the bond strength. The argument over the influence of raggedness is still an on-going issue and as such, the consequence of the raggedness of the concrete surface over adhesion procedure is non really clear ( Austin et al, 1995 ; Czarnecki, et Al, 2003 ) . Some research workers have argued that there is influence of surface sums on the degree of adhesion that take topographic point at the interface. A seeable sum of ratios between 30 to forty per centums provided better consequences ( Fiebrich, 1994 ) . Fukuzawa et Al ( 2001 ) , argued the being of correlativity between roughness parametric quantities of the material surface and the adhesion strength. Though the raggedness of the stuff is an of import factor, some writers ( Silfwerbrand, 1990 ) have besides pointed the affect of micro clefts that are produced on the surface of the concrete when the surface is treated by different methods to accomplish the raggedness. These sorts of micro clefts are found to deteriorate the quality of the bonds that is formed between the concretes ( Garbacz et al, 2005 ) . 2.3.6 Influence of wet: With respects to the presence of wet, recent surveies provide a better apprehension to the subject of influence of the wet on the strength of the bond. Bouksani et Al ( 2010 ) , in their survey on the influence of the raggedness and wet of the substrate surface on the bond between the old and the new concrete, suggest that the incursion of the sheathing stuff into the substrate concrete is chiefly dependent on quality readying of the substrate surface. They besides suggested that the surface of the substrate should be saturated with dry surface- which means that the surface of the substrate is non stagnated with H2O, so that it ensures that a good micro raggedness and a better thermodynamic surface assimilation is achieved. They suggest that the stagnancy of the H2O on the substrate surface can forestall the pores from absorbing the sheathing stuff which can ensue in a weak adhesion procedure. The overall consequence of over stagnancy is that, it will stand as a barrier in the interface zone cut downing the attachment procedure. On the other manus if the substrate stuff surface is dry with really low wet or no wet, this will ensue in the interface absorbing more H2O from the freshly laid stuff. Such a procedure will besides cut down the overall adhesion procedure as this could ensue in higher opportunity of uncomplete hydration of the cement. Therefore, it can be concluded that the wet needs to be present merely to a optimal degree. Excessively much wet or excessively small presence of wet will ensue in a weak adhesion procedure. Similarly, Xu ( 1999 ) besides studied bond strength utilizing oven dry, air dry and concentrated surface dry status of substrate. He reported that prewetting the surface of concrete substrate reduced the bond strength of the specimens used in his experiment from 0.64 to 0.12 MPa However, Saucier and Pigeon ( 1991 ) did n’t happen any noteworthy difference between the bond strength of lab dried surface and pre-wetted surfaces in slant shear trial. In another survey, Austin et Al. ( 1995 ) did work on happening bond strength utilizing substrates with concentrated surface prohibitionist, saturated surface moisture and air dry wet conditions. They besides reported no important difference in bond strengths ( about 2.77 to 2.98 MPa ) due to the different wet status of substrate. 2.3.7 Influence of Bring arounding Condition: There are a few researches carried out refering the affect of bring arounding status on the shear bond strength. Yee and Ibrahim ( 2010 ) in their survey on shear capacity of precast slabs investigated the difference in consequences for H2O cured samples and air cured samples. The consequences they got were changing with similar raggedness feature of surface but different bring arounding status. For case, a unsmooth surface produced higher shear capacity than a smooth one in air cured status whereas a smooth surface produced 16 to 18 % higher shear capacity in H2O cured conditions. Another noteworthy point was the influence of bring arounding status on the interface strength which was highly variable, as such it decreased by 30 % in smooth and unsmooth surface in H2O cured status where as for the air cured status it increased by 40 % between smooth and unsmooth surface. 2.3.6 Influence of Bond Coat: It is common that some external agents are used in the mix to accomplish a higher degree of adhesion. Many writers have different sentiment sing this, chiefly the bond coats like polymer complexs. Some writers ( Silfwerbrand, 1998 ) argue that the bond coats can ensue in creative activity of an excess plane of failing. As a consequence, it has been advised to avoid the bond coats. Further, the bond coats could besides take to the decrease of the meshing consequence ensuing in an overall negative consequence ( Garbacz et al, 2005 ) . On the other manus these statements have been questioned by some other writers. Interestingly, harmonizing to some other writers ( Austin et al, 1995 ; Pretorius and Kruger, 2001 ) , the presence of the bond coats could increase the adhesion procedure between the two concretes. To this point, Garbacz et Al ( 2005 ) conducted a survey to look into the influence of surface intervention of the concretes on the adhesion mechanism between the concrete beds. Different surface intervention methods were used in order to accomplish different qualities of surface on the concrete stuff surface. Additionally, a fix howitzer with coat was applied to the old concrete and the adhesion was measured. The consequences showed that, in the instance of the sheathings applied without the bond coats, the adhesion procedure was influenced by the raggedness of the concrete substrate. Form this, it was concluded that the good bond strength belongingss can be achieved from the howitzer ( repair howitzer ) and the bond coat belongingss. It was further concluded that the belongingss of the bond coats and the howitzer helped in bridging the micro clefts and concrete pieces, and besides filled the surface abnormalities. Therefore, it can be concluded on the recent plants on influence of the surface on the adhesion between the surfaces the roughness status of the surface can be regarded as one of the contributing or act uponing factor in the fix of the concretes. From these treatments on the different factors impacting the bond it can be concluded that the consequences are non ever in consensus and there is still need for surveies to be carried out in this country for deriving farther penetration of the existent behavior of bond with regard to alterations in factors impacting it. 2.4 Surface Roughening Technique: There are different ways in which the surface of the stuffs can be prepared to accomplish different raggedness conditions. However, the chief purpose of executing the surface intervention on the substrate is to the brand sure that the unwanted beds that might cut down the adhesion procedure are removed before the new beds of concretes are laid on to the surface. In add-on, this besides ensures that the entire country of surface contact is increased to the maximal degree. The forms and feelings achieved on the surface will depend upon the energy applied and chosen techniques. Roughening Techniques which does non deteriorate the mechanical unity of the substrate stuff must be used. It is of import to see the local status of the concrete under consideration. Consequently, common techniques like chisel and cocks, sandblasting, hydro-jetting, needle gunning, crunching or milling, hammering etc, may be used ( Garbacz et al, 2005 ) . 2.4.2 Measurement of Roughness: The raggedness is by and large assessed qualitatively. But, placing the fact that this sort of raggedness rating leads to subjectiveness of consequences, there have been some efforts made to quantify the raggedness. For, case mechanical profilometry was used to distinguish polished and sandblasted concrete surfaces ( Courard 1998, Courard and Nelis 2003 A ; Courard and Garbacz 2004 ) . Due to some defects of this procedure like viability with lone short surfaces etc. , another method of optical analysis was developed ( Perez et al 2003 ) in order to analyze big surfaces. Subsequently on, these two above mentioned techniques were compared by Courard et Al ( 2006 ) and they concluded that with the combination of these two methods it is possible to acquire a really good description of â€Å" raggedness † at all graduated tables. They besides pointed out some restrictions of these methods sing the form of stylus which would do it impossible to take measurings on really unsmooth s urfaces and other restrictions being really clip devouring etc. , In another survey by Courard et Al ( 2004 ) a point which is concluded is that a parametric quantity Xa which is the arithmetic mean of the going of the raggedness profile from the average line is the major discriminating parametric quantity for the comparing of surface readying techniques. In a new method for measuring the surface raggedness Abu Tair et Al ( 2000 ) , studied five different sorts of raggedness including needle gunning. They used a different attack for quantifying the raggedness by associating the sum of raggedness to Roughness Gradient of the raggedness profile obtained. They concluded that the raggedness gradient parametric quantity can give a proper indicant of the chapped surfaces. In this survey an effort is made to happen out a similar sort of parametric quantity to which the sum of raggedness can be related and the chapped surfaces can appropriately be categorized. How to cite The Practice Of Concrete Repair Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

The Keys to a Great Story Essay Example For Students

The Keys to a Great Story Essay Brett AndersonEnglish pd. 9Compare/ Contrast11/25/98What certain qualities are necessary to create an excellent literary work? What makes onework impossible to put down while another work is difficult to stay focused on? There are severalkey elements essential in making good work outstanding. These key elements are: interestingcharacters, an intriguing plot, a valid theme, and a carefully structured conclusion. These are the keyelements of a literary work that I am going to focus on and explicate for you. The characters in Witness for the Prosecution are believable through the authors vividdescriptions and through what Mr. Mayherne says about the characters during his interviews withthem. For example the author described Romaine as a foreign woman with high cheekbones , denseblue-black hair, and a nervous twitch in her hands that is distinctly foreign. The narrator went on tosay she is a strange, quiet woman, who is so quiet that she made visitors feel uneasy. The author isalso very detailed with her description of Mr. Mayherne. The narrator depicts him as a small preciseman, who is neatly dressed and recently had his boots shinned. She also said the most strikingcharacteristic of Mr. Mayherne is his shrewd and piercing gray eyes. From his brief encounter withMrs. Mogson, we found out that she was scared with sulfuric acid by Romaines boyfriend and hasbeen bent on getting revenge on Romaine. Plausible characters and vivid description make this storymore interesting and add to the plot of the story. We will write a custom essay on The Keys to a Great Story specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The author of Wine was very non-discriptive about the characters. This lack of descriptionmakes the characters extremely difficult to relate too. The author never even gives her charactersnames. She just refers to them as a man and a woman. This total lack of detail makes it hard focuson the story and often you find it easy to lose sight of what is happening in the story. The plot for Witness for the Prosecution is clear, logical, and well-defined. The plot mainlyconsists of Mr. Mayherne and Romaine trying to get Mr. Vole aquitted of the charges that he killedEmily French. The most interesting twist of the plot in this story is that Romaine lied to the jury to getMr. Vole aquitted of the charges. By contrast there is no real plot for wine. The man and woman are sitting at a cafe for noapparent reason talking about their first kiss. The man tells the truth to the woman about his first kissand she gets upset with him. I thought this was an interesting point of contrast because in Witnessfor the Prosecution Romaine lied and won the court case for Mr. Vole , but in Wine the man toldthe truth to his wife and was ridiculed by her. The theme of Wine and Witness for the Prosecution almost seem to directly contradicteach other. The theme foe wine is the truth can be painful at times, whereas the theme for Witnessfor the Prosecution is that liars do not always get caught. The theme for Wine was hard tounderstand, because the woman gets upset at the man for no apparent reason when he tells the truth. The theme in Witness for the Prosecution is easily understood because it is clearly spelled out inthe conclusion of the story. The conclusion of Wine is very unclear, poorly developed, and not focused. It leaves a lotof unanswered questions in the readers mind. This completion never tells the reader what happensto the couple or why the woman is mad at her husband. The only thing the reader learns from thisconclusion is that the wine the husband and wife are drinking reminds them of their youth. Thisopaque conclusion only adds to the lack of purpose in the story. .ud6cb6d4e9787b5f701cff6c1b260c1b2 , .ud6cb6d4e9787b5f701cff6c1b260c1b2 .postImageUrl , .ud6cb6d4e9787b5f701cff6c1b260c1b2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud6cb6d4e9787b5f701cff6c1b260c1b2 , .ud6cb6d4e9787b5f701cff6c1b260c1b2:hover , .ud6cb6d4e9787b5f701cff6c1b260c1b2:visited , .ud6cb6d4e9787b5f701cff6c1b260c1b2:active { border:0!important; } .ud6cb6d4e9787b5f701cff6c1b260c1b2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud6cb6d4e9787b5f701cff6c1b260c1b2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud6cb6d4e9787b5f701cff6c1b260c1b2:active , .ud6cb6d4e9787b5f701cff6c1b260c1b2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud6cb6d4e9787b5f701cff6c1b260c1b2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud6cb6d4e9787b5f701cff6c1b260c1b2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud6cb6d4e9787b5f701cff6c1b260c1b2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud6cb6d4e9787b5f701cff6c1b260c1b2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud6cb6d4e9787b5f701cff6c1b260c1b2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud6cb6d4e9787b5f701cff6c1b260c1b2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud6cb6d4e9787b5f701cff6c1b260c1b2 .ud6cb6d4e9787b5f701cff6c1b260c1b2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud6cb6d4e9787b5f701cff6c1b260c1b2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Kants Humanity Formula EssayThe conclusion of Witness for the Prosecution is very focused, well developed and it tiesup all the lose ends of the story. The completion of this story reveals that Romaine is disguised asMrs. Mogson and it was Romaines false testimony that got her husband aquitted of his murdercharges. The conclusion of the story tells the reader everything that Mr. Mayherne knew and drawsan excellent ending to a great mystery. After carefully contrasting the key elements in Wine and Witness for the Prosecution ithas become apparent that Witness for the Prosecution contains the qualities necessary of a greatliterary work. Wine is lacking too many of the key elements essential in making a good literarywork. The differences between the two the two stories makes Wine difficult to stay focused onbecause it is lacking in many of these key areas. While having many of these key elements welldeveloped throughout the story makes Witness for the Prosecution, one of those stories that aretruly a pleasure to read.