Risk Groups for Urinary Tract Infections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Risk Groups for Urinary Tract Infections - Essay Example Clinical physicians in medical microbiology categorize urinary tract infections into upper and lower tract infections on an anatomical basis. An infection of the bladder refers to cystitis and where the infection spreads to other areas, such as the ureters and the kidneys, the infection is pyelonephritis. Cystitis is, therefore, regarded as the lower urinary tract infection while pyelonephritis is the upper urinary tract infection. The latter is more severe and complicated than the former. In spite of the availability of several antibacterial factors such as urea concentration, pH, the salt content of the urine, osmolality, and other urinary tract inhibitors of bacterial adherence, several bacteria are still able to invade the urinary tract system. The bacteria predispose the patients to a variety of urinary tract infections. The common types of bacteria that correlate with a diverse range of urinary tract infections are the Gram-negative bacteria of E. coli and Klebsiella species. T he uropathogenic bacteria overcome the several urinary inhibitors to bacterial invasion such as the Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP), lactoferrins, low-molecular-weight oligosaccharides, bladder mucopolysaccharides, and secretory IgA. The bacteria, however, still adhere, grow, multiply, and resist against the host’s defence mechanisms even with the presence of bacteria inhibition factors and conditions. The result is massive colonization and subsequent urinary tract system infection (Stamm 2006, p. 2-4). The paper aims at reviewing the numerous bacteria that are responsible for the various urinary tract infections. It also highlights the laboratory diagnostic routine procedures used in the diagnosis of the bacteria in the most prone population groups, as well as, the infections exhibited by the general population. Many researchers and scholars in microbial urinary tract infections agree that the Gram-negative bacteria of E. coli and the bacteria associated with the Klebsiella species are the common organisms that cause urinary tract infections in both males and females.  

Management of Financial Institutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management of Financial Institutions - Essay Example Surely, the central bank is part of the financial institution. It is the British government's financial authority for it hands out periodic currency resources and also controls the supply of credit and holds the reserves of other banks while it sells new securities in behalf of the British government. The other financial institutions include, foundations, non-depository financial institutions, trust companies and others. Many companies use the financial institutions in their daily business transactions. Therefore, the companies being serviced by the financial institutions above can choose which financial institution to use. One of the criteria for choosing is the services that they offer. The following paragraphs discusses the factors affecting financial institution. The contextual environment is often approached covers many areas of business. These areas include technology, the economy, the nature of government, social attitudes and, of course, competitive forces all affect the climate in which business operates. For, the contextual environment sets the context for business to exist and it creates a climate of change with the five areas mentioned here. Technology. Technology. New technological developments in the financial institutions result in advanced production processes. Harvey Jones(2006) wrote that online banking had definitely changed from a minority sport into a mainstream race at astonishing speed. Almost every financial institution, from the biggest in terms of assets in the banking sector to the smallest local building society has brought business transactions between the purchasers and the sellers at split second speed. With the advent of the automatic teller machines, the time needed to transfer funds has been decreased. People will just carry the ATM plastic to withdraw money at midnight or during holidays Moreover, one out of every five British citizen have their banking transactions online through the internet starting in the year 2005. This was the finding of Lloyds TSB. The number of online bankers have dramatically increased until our current time period 2007. Present studies show that young customers between the ages of 45 to 54 years of age to do their jobs through the internet comfortably and safely. are increasingly comfortable managing their finances over the web. Forgotten, depositors and person withdrawing money from the banks would have get a number from bank personnel and wait until their number had been called before depositing or withdrawing their money. The advent of the automatic teller machines has allowed bank withdrawals even at midnight or the wee hours of the morning and on Sundays and holidays. On line banking services include payment of statement of accounts and other bills, getting the bank statement printout, money transfer to another person very far away and management of bank debits. Economy. general economic conditions and trends(Mcrae, 2007) must be taken into account when considering an organisation's activities. Mathew Scott(2003) stated Kevin Cohee, chairman and CEO of OneUnited Bank, looks at One Lincoln Street in Boston's financial district, he sees his vision for the future of black-owned

Compare Political Systems Of Chile And Argentina Politics Essay

Compare Political Systems Of Chile And Argentina Politics Essay Chile and Argentina are the countries which share their boundaries, have the same official language (Spanish), and they do have the very similar political history. In both countries, they have been under the authoritarian system, and now the democratic systems are very much enforced in their political systems. As they do have very common things, it will be very interesting to have a close look at the difference between these two countries political systems. As many countries are changing to have a democratic society, Chile and Argentina are also trying to use democratic political systems. During the dictatorship regimes in both countries, political situation was very much unstable and as a consequence of political instability, the other systems were very fragile. Throughout the time, these two countries have been changing their political systems as there was not such kind of government that the people willingly supported. However, nowadays, it can be assumed that their political syst ems are strong enough to have the countries function efficiently. In this paper, I will try to compare the political systems of these two countries, much focusing on how the system is based upon on Legislation, Execution, and Judiciary, and political parties in brief. Firstly, I will be discussing the similarity and difference of the legislation system of these two countries. The legislative branch of both countries made up of two houses, Senate and Chamber of Deputies. In the fact that Chamber of Deputies of Argentina represent the people and elected, and it has 275 members which can be variable, and they are proportionally elected from each district, and one term is for four year for the member of the Chamber of Deputies, and have the rights to levy tax, send troop, prosecute the president, state ministers, and Supreme Court ( Gisela, Emilse, Ezequiel, Julio. January, 2006). In Chile, Chamber of Deputies is also directly elected for four year term, and it has 120 members (variable) and Proportionally elected from different regions, and the power of Senate and Chamber of Deputies are very mixed- they have most power as a whole (mongabay, (n.d.)) If we compare the Chamber of Deputies of both countries, we can see that structure of both are very si milar except that in Argentina, the power separation between Senate and Chamber of Deputies is much clear than Chiles. Chiles Senate is also popularly elected as Chamber of Deputies is, and it has 38 seats depending on the population, so it can be variable; in fact, about third-fourth of the Senators are popularly elected and one-fourth is appointed by the Supreme Court. To become Senator in Chile, they have got certain criteria such as the person must be citizen, forty years old, must finish the secondary source, and a resident for three years in the region they represent ( mongabay, (n.d.)) In Argentinas Senate, there are 72 senators, 3 from each district, so the number of the senators is fixed, and popularly elected for a six year term. (nyulawglobal, 2006, January) Therefore, the differences of these two countries Senate were that the number of the Senators in Chile is variable, but it is not in Argentina, and as I have mentioned above, the power separation between Senate and C hamber of Deputies are clear in Argentinas political system- Senate and Chamber of Deputies have each clear task different to Chiles. In Chile, Senate does not have clear separation power as most of the issues they have to handle go through the Congress as a whole. In these two countries, National Constitution is the most influential on the Legislation process. Taxing system, military, foreign affairs and other system which can affect the whole country are especially controlled by written constitution which I will be discussing later in this paper. In the executive branch of both countries, the president is the head of the state and the head of the government, and the cabinet is appointed by the president, and the president is popularly elected for the four year term. It is very interesting that they do have very alike executive system, even the years of term for the president. And, two of these countries are all presidential (executive) dominant countries. In Chile, the presidential initiatives to make the laws just only take around 205 days to complete all the legislation process and for the legislation, it takes around 487 days for the process (Morgenstern Nacif, 2002, p-87) So, it is obvious that president of the Chile can make law much faster than the Congress does, in other words, it mean that president is favored by the constitution. In Argentina also, in recent years, many scholars preferred to classify Argentina as a executive-dominated Delegated Democracy, and Congress lack any real ability to check the president ( Haggard (Ed.), 2001, p-149) Therefore, we can see how the executive branch play a very important role in both countries political process. Many ministries including department of finance are also controlled by the president alone through the cabinet which mainly focuses on day to day process of the countries. In Argentina, the executive branch is still fragile for not able to reduce the corruption among the executive branch only. As Maki wrote in his thesis named Decentralization and Political Participation, tax evasion is rampant, criminal policemen are common, social welfare such as education, health care are under the standard compare to income per capital (Maki, 2006, p-91) These kinds of worse corruption are because of the weak policies of the executive branch and ineffectiveness of the government actions. Though some scholars said that Argentina is one of the democratic countries in Latin America, their executive branch is not unable to monitor those democratic actions. Likewise in Chile, there are many corruptions inside government, but the corruptions are not only in the executive branch but the executive branch and judicial branch together as there is not much power separation between the executive and judicial. the judges take the briberies in pre-trial detention in exchange f or expediting the case, and those judges are much influenced by the executive branch (especially president) through the appointment process ( Transparency International, 2007, p-188) Therefore, in both countries, the executive branch are very fragile from the democratic point of view though the way the corruption happen is different- corruption is directly for the executive branchs fault in Argentina and the executive and judicial are in Chile. After Legislation and Executive, the branch which is the most powerful branch (in power balance) in most democratic countries is Judicial. Whether the judicial branches in Chile and Argentina are most powerful or not will be discussed in this section. Generally, in Chile, judiciary courts are divided into three levels- Supreme Court, Courts of Appeals, and tribunal of first instance. The most powerful level Supreme Court has 21 judges, appointed by the President and ratified by the Senate. It has the power to control all judges from the two inferior levels (nyulawglobal, November, 2005) So, literally, judges from the Supreme Court are the most powerful persons among all judges, but they are balanced by the executive and legislative branches. Argentinas judicial structure is also much similar with Chiles. The only differences are that the members of the Supreme Court of Justice are ministers, and the provinces are much autonomous which means the each province take the responsibility o f correspondence in the Supreme Court. Related to the case of Independence of Supreme Court, according to a survey of Skaar in a paper called Judicial independence and human rights policies in Argentina and Chile, Chile and Argentina have much more independence after the Constitutional reform (Skaar, 2001, pp-11,12) However, as I discussed about the corruptions of Chiles judges above, judges are taking briberies from the people which means that they are not independent anymore. And one more issue is that those judges are appointed by the president. How much independent the judges will be if they are appointed by the executive branches which themselves are corrupted? As Argentina and Chile have politically similar structure (fragile and corrupt), it will be very difficult to say that they have independent Courts. Generally, all Legislation, Executive, and Judicial are interdependent with the constitutions. Based on the constitution, the legislation, executive, and judicial are mainly structured. Written constitutions in Chile and Argentina also have many effects on these three power-balanced sectors. In comparison of the constitution of Chile and Argentina, as they are intended to provide democratic institutions and actions, they have got how citizens are free, guaranteed to basic rights, powers for the legislation and execution and judicial in common. But, Argentinas constitution is much more like a constitution for the federal state because it has very clear separation between the federal government and the province. The federal government provides for the expenditures of the Nation with the funds of the National treasury. Each province shall enact its own constitution under the republican (argentina constitution, n.d.) So, according to the written constitution of Argentina, the federal gov ernment has its own power and conditions and limits what it can do, and the provinces have their own governing power which is guaranteed by the constitution. But, in Chiles constitution the state of Chile is unitary. Its territory is dived into regions. The law shall provide that administration thereof be functional and territorially decentralized. (Constitution of Republic of Chile, 1980, 21st October) It is said that the state is unitary (not federal) and the administration provided by the law should be decentralized in the constitution; however, the constitution doesnt have clear separation how the administration could be decentralized. In the stability of constitution, Chiles constitution is much fragile compared to the Argentina constitution. It could be because Chiles is struggling at the defensive situation- not to have another kind of Pinochet regime. After Pinochet was defeated in 1988, the democratic position organized (centre and left), the political parties which support the military, and the government altogether constituted the social and political institutions that opposed to the Pinochet regime and its 1980 constitution (Montes Vial, 2005, p-13) As they are focusing on preventing of another Pinochet like regime, they lack of ability to control of the stability of the constitution. But, for Argentina, the constitution first drafted in 1853 was improved through the step by step amendments- 1853 constitution and 1860 amendments enforce for the better civil and political rights, and 1957, 1994 amendments had a great emphasis on economic and social rights ( Human Rights and Constitutional Rights, n.d.) So, Argentinas constitution was much concreted with the amendments and led to the stability. The main actors on the legislation, Executive, and Judicial which all are controlled by the national constitution are political parties. The government is also from the political parties, and the congress men are also members of the political parties. In Chile and Argentina, party politics is very common and the ideologies of the political parties shape the countries structure. If we compare the political parties of these two countries, we will see a lot of similar things such as having multiparty system where two main political parties influence. In Chile, Political parties are Christian Democratic Party, The Party for Democracy, the Radical Party, the Socialist Party which of all are center-left, and Independent Democratic Union, the National Renewal (two center-right parties) stand as the main opposites (nationsencyclopedia, n.d.) Though there are a lot of parties, the center-left parties become one coalition and the center right political parties become one side, so basically, we can say that two main sides influence the political process of Chile. For Argentina, there are also many parties such as Justicialist Party, Union Civica Radical, Civic Coalition, the Republican Proposal, but, the Justicialist Party and Union Civica Radical are the two main political parties which are currently getting a lot of support- the Justicialist Party from labor support and the Union Civica Radical from middle-class support (U.S. Department of State, September 16, 2010) Based on these informations, we can see that coalition is common in Chile, and the parties are very much ideology based, but for Argentina, parties stand single and they are based on civil or territory based (not ideology based) which means they are flexible for the people who support them. We will also observe that political parties in Chile and Argentina played a very important role for the democratization process. In Chile, political parties were the main opposition to the military regime (Pinochet regime). Because of those political parties objection on the dictatorship, the motivation for the democratic government emerged in Chile. The political parties officials who are expelled from the office by Pinochet got the valuable opportunity to contact with pobladores. Altogether political parties and those pobladores become the initial opposition for the military regime (Maki, 2006, p-42) Likewise, in Argentina, the political parties became the main groups to have a broad representation in the country. Because of that broad representation of the different levels of people, the democracy was concreted in Argentina. Traditionally, politics was influenced by Landowners, high clergy, merchants, and professionals representing the aristocracy. But in modern times, new parties are emerging to represent working class, small farmers and intellectuals (nationsencyclopedia, n.d.) By representing all different classes, the democracy becomes much meaningful in Argentina. Therefore, political parties are the ones, in one way, who mainly participate democratic movements in both countries, Chile and Argentina. In conclusion, Chile and Argentina has very similar political history, and their current political structures are also very alike. As I have discussed above, they have got the presidential systems and same rules for the presidential election. In the legislation case, Chile is very unitary centered with the provinces administration and the central government is not clearly power separated, and Argentina is much more federal with the separation of power. Although both countries have some kinds of corruption, it can be said that the whole political system of Argentina is much stable than Chiles because Chile is very much focused on preventing another military regime, and for Argentina, it could develop the systems through the amendments for the problematic issues. The political parties in these two countries also played very important role in developing the democratic institutions and actions. Therefore, at last we can say that Chile and Argentina are going forward by amending the weakn ess of the political system, and they are on the way of developing countries which practices the democratic systems.

Modern Music Composition :: essays research papers fc

Modern Music Composition Composition has been an ever-changing entity in our society. Music composition is also a very alternating subject of study. You have to keep up to date when you wish to compose a piece of music. This is strictly due to the progression of music in this day in age. If you fail to study, the music you are writing may, very well, upset the music community with old or potentially outdated material. The only way to stay up to date with composition is to listen to a lot of classical music, which seems to be, without a doubt, the best music to listen to. If you have not done your research on such music, you may find yourself running out of ideas for further compositions. Music composition is the subject of this essay. Music, through the years, has changed in many ways. The musical "attitude" is determined through the overall feelings of the composer at the time, at which he or she wrote it. The "attitude" sets the overall feeling of the piece of music. If you fail to pass the feelings that you felt while you wrote the piece of music, you fail in the overall goal of the piece of music. Music composition is a very modern thing these days. It has grown because of the advanced availability of better technology. Technology, which is changing every day, has opened up new and more innovative doors. Included with the advanced technology that has brought music to life, there has also been a steady increase of musicians. This is in direct proportion with the growing number of music educators. Music, by means of instruments, has been played for thousands of years. Music composition involves three major key-points. These key-points are direction, general-knowledge, and general-insight. Through the course of this essay, you will learn what each of these three points is and the prevalent pre-requisitions required of persons to have these three abilities. Direction, being the first of the three points, gives you the sense of the music. Without direction, you would not have the urge to write the piece of music. Direction is what composers use to give the general emotion that is supposed to be perceived by the ending audience. The direction requires only one thing. That is emotion. Emotion is what a piece of music is made for. Without emotion, the piece would probably be so uninteresting that the audience would not want to listen to it. The emotion is very hard to pass on to the audience, strictly because it is what you feel.

Leadership Communication Essay

While some people may assume leadership communication does not have to be led by an effective communicator. , It is essential to know that people that withhold leadership positions in organizations need to have strong effective communication skills that are successful within the organizations that suite their positions. Public health organizations such as health departments have leadership communicators who initially, address issues that reflect the present and future of the organization to other members and staff. This is a detailed duty that needs to ensure a person is a superior communicator (Barrett, 2006). Messages that are given from a leadership perspective reflect values of the organization such as vision, mission, and culture (Barrett, 2006). Leadership communicators also focus on consistency expressed through an organizations values in which they communicate frequently within the organization. People that withhold positions in leadership communication strengthen the values and culture within an organization based on organizational values and the mission of the organization (Barrett, 2006). Leadership without good communication is a setback in many organizations, which is why it’s desired for anyone in leadership communication to have certain traits and characteristics. This essay will depict the traits and characteristics needed for success. I chose this as a topic of interest because; many people are unaware of what leadership communication is and the things that they should be aiming towards to become a more effective communicator. I felt that if this topic was highlighted from a different perspective it would strengthen the communication and/or make people in leadership communications become more effective and beneficial communicators within their organizations. I chose to look at leadership communication from the public health leadership aspect  of organizations, because it is essential for them to have strong effective communicators. Surely, while again some people may feel leadership communication does not have to be led by an effective communicator. This essay will highlight some key essentials so that it’s better understood why it is essential that people that withhold positions such as these in leadership have strong effective communication skills within public leadership positions. Effective Communication Concepts/Skills Working in the public health sector has allowed me to familiarize myself with the communication concepts of effective leadership communication. People that withhold positions in proficient development as public health leaders are required to have very strong communication skills. Leaders require competency-based instruction in order to increase their ability to address complex and changing demands of critical services (Wright, 2000). Anyone that is in a leadership position has to be able to speak clearly and proficiently to various types of people. Public health requires individuals in communication leadership to also withhold personal skills of leadership that are essential to the success of public health organizations. People in leadership must master effective communication in order for people around them to have assurance in what they are verbalizing about from a leadership standpoint. Being an effectual leader is well-established in knowledge and implementation of accurate communication skills (Baack, 2012). Lines of communication must always be open from a leadership standpoint in which the people they are speaking to. Interpersonal influences reflect the way the audience receives the information from a leadership standpoint. Communication Process in Leadership The communication process in leadership involves interchanging messages between the source and the receiver (Rowitz, 2012). Maintaining a healthy communication has proven to be effective in productivity. Individuals that withhold positions in communication leadership have to ensure the proper communication channels are followed and open in order to ensure effective communication in the workplace. In the public health sector communication channels have to be open at all times in which all employees understand how they work within the workplace. There are many different ways in which  communication is transmitted within the workplace through leadership communication such as, emails, phones, letters, memos, and face to face meetings. These are very common in public health organizations, due to the increased demand of communication. Leadership communicators look for feedback through all sources of communication that enhances the communication process. The communication process’s can either be verbal or non-verbal. Managers need to ensure that no matter which way they communicate that its always effective communication. Important Traits for Leadership Communicators Many people are unaware of what traits a person in leadership must poses in order to be a successful and effective communicator. Personal characteristic traits such as the ability to make public speeches, rather it’s a group or individual communication. Motivation is a very essential characteristic. People in the public health sector have to be very compassionate and motivated about things in which they are speaking, based on the fact the main goal and function is to communicate effectively to the public in which they understand. Can you imagine if someone was trying to persuade you to stop smoking, through a public speech in which they were non- motivated? The speech would not be considered effective and would not pose as an effective outreach to the public. As a person in leadership when reaching out to do health education to the public we have to ensure we are portraying effective leadership skills, in which people generally look for when speaking. Communication skills are very important to ensure effective leadership in communication. When speaking publicly there is a lot of diversity that public speakers encounter. The proper traits and skills generally assist in these matters and prove to be effective in meeting the needs of various groups through effective communication. Most successful leaders have these traits and skills needed. Leaders also have to be able to respond appropriately and think quickly. Many times, when public health organizations hire or seek people to speak in leadership positions they ensure that the candidate posses certain traits, characteristics, and skills. They make certain the candidate knows how to communicate with all elements of the organization; the public health sector is a major organization with numerous groups of people. Leaders are required to know  how and when to communicate with everyone within the organization, including employees, other managers, and community leaders. All groups require a different communication style and leadership style in which a person in leadership communication must be able to adapt at any time. Flexibility is an important aspect and is also required for skills that a leader must have. When he/she is delivering a message or presentation to the community it would differ in style compared to speaking to employees or other individuals in leadership. Applying Concepts By means of applying the concepts of effective leadership communication to public health organizations and identifying ways in which communication can be improved have found ways in which communication from a leadership perspective can be identified and more effective within the community. By applying the organizational communication concept general communication plays a key component in effective leadership communication. I have found develops that a person that speaks publically through leadership begins to build effective organizational communication is targeted through open dialogue which is developed between management and employees. This show’s to be a result of improved engagement and productivity amongst all personnel. Research When researching leadership communication concepts it allowed me to understand the overall dynamics of an effective leader and the role that they play in the public health sector. When you work in a public health organization you are able to identify and understand what effectiveness is, it makes it easier to identify it within a speaker. When you are able to recognize what skills a person must poses in order to be the most effective as a communicator it makes it a lot easier to improve and evaluate different aspects of communication. I have identified areas in which some people need to improve on as they take roles in leadership communication. If areas that need improvement are highlighted implementations can be made for improvement. The characteristics and traits identified in this essay which surrounds productivity and success behind an organization that presents effective communication through leadership (Rowitz, 2012) supersedes the  amount of people that assume people in leadership do not have to poses skills and concepts to be effective communicator’s. Those who have no knowledge draw incorrect assumptions (Barrett, 2006).This essay has highlighted through my research the knowledge and concepts that some lack when it comes to leadership communication. As Barrett states, â€Å"Leadership without good communication is a setback in many organizations, which is why it’s desired for anyone in leadership communication to have certain traits and characteristics. Communication Training Program In the future of building a leadership communication training program I would propose an organizational leadership and communication certificate training program. The program would be designed to teach people internally within the organization the key fundamentals of leadership development and effective communication strategies. The program would be a team building approach in which everyone would benefit successfully. Upon completing the training program which would be primarily 8 weeks each participant would receive a certificate of completion for successfully completing the program. The training would assist in developing leadership skills, as well as teach speaking skills in a presentation/workshop style class dynamic. Individuals would be introduced to ways in which they could improve their leadership skills. By offering trainings employees and leadership communicators will be able to identify and improve their areas of weakness. I have found that trainings improve employee mora le making communication more effective ensuring successes in productivity. Conclusion Though my researches I have concluded that people that are in leadership positions as communicators must be effective communicators and have a strong set of skills and characteristics that have been highlighted throughout my thesis. This essay depicted the traits and characteristics needed for success. It is essential that people that withhold positions such as these in leadership have strong effective communication skills within public leadership positions. While some people may still assume leadership communication does not have to be led by an effective communicator, facts prove differently based on success within organizations that recognize  specific traits and characteristics needed to succeed in effective communication. The more trainings and improvements that are implemented will ensure that individuals in leadership are well prepared for public speaking within and outside of the community. References Baack, D. (2012). Management communication. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Barrett, Deborah. (2006). Leadership communications. McGraw-Hill Professional, Education, Inc. Garcia, H. F. (2012). Leadership communications: Planning for the desired reaction. Strategy & Leadership, 40(6), 42-45. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10878571211278886 Hackman, M. Z., & Johnson, C. E. (2004). Leadership: A communication perspective. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press. Hughes, R. L., Ginnett, R. C., & Curphy, G. J. (1996). Leadership. Irwin. Press, N. C. D. (1996). Organizational communication. An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research, 383. Rowitz, L. (2012). Public health leadership. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. Vries, R. E., Bakker-Pieper, A., & Oostenveld, W. (2010). Leadership=Communication? the relations of leaders’ communication styles with leadership styles, knowledge sharing and leadership outcomes. Journal of Business & Psychology, 25(3), 367-380. doi:http:/ /dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10869-009-9140-2. Wright, K., Rowitz, L., Merkle, A., Reid, W. M., Robinson, G., Herzog, B., †¦ & Baker, E. (2000). Competency development in public health leadership. American Journal of Public Health, 90(8), 1202.

History of Ford Motor Company

To say that Henry Ford dilly-dallied around before finally establishing a serious car company would be invalid. The 40 year old man had been acquiring valuable knowledge regarding business, engines, management, and most importantly cars. Now it was time to take a leap of faith. In 1903 the Ford Motor Company came to be. Ford, along with other investors including John and Horace Dodge raised $28,000 and in the first 15 months produced 1700 Model A cars. These cars were known for their reliability, yet were still too expensive for the average American. Over the next five years Ford and his engineers produced models with the letters B through S, the most successful of which was the Model N (priced at $500) , and the least successful was the Model K (priced at $2500). It was obvious from the Model N that the key to the companies success lay in inexpensive cars for a mass market. The answer that Ford and the American consumer were looking for was the Model T. The Model T, a small, sturdy four-cylinder car with an attractive design and a top speed of 45 mph, hit the market in 1908. It†s success came from it†s attractive price, at $850, and more than 10,000 were sold in the first year alone. It was easy to operate, maintain, handle on rough roads, and immediately became a success. Along with success came expansion, and in 1910 he established another assembly plant in Highland Park, Michigan. Through interchangeable parts, standard manufacturing, and a division labor, the demand greatly increased for the Model T. It was at this time in 1913 that Ford introduced the assembly line and forever changed our economy, our industry, and our culture. Ford†s concept of an assembly line sprang from the thought that a car could be produced much quicker if each person did one, single task. He applied this in his Highland Park plant, and cut down production time of one Model T to a fraction on the time. The carefully timed pace of a conveyer belt moving the parts along further speeded the process. With these new tactics, a factory could produce 40%-60% more cars per month. By late 1913 he had established assembly plants in Canada, Europe, Australia, South America, and Japan. At this point, the Ford Motor Company was the largest manufacturer of cars in the world. In 1914 Ford astonished the business world by more than doubling the minimum wage for his workers, raising it from about $2. 0 to $5. He argued that if his employees earned more, the company would sell more cars to them and reduce employee turnover. He said in regards to this ecenomical move â€Å"The high wage begins down in the shop. If it is not created there it cannot get into pay envelopes. There will never be a system invented which will do away with the necessity for work. † At this point the company had made $30 million in profits, mainly due to his economical and industrial scheme. It was now that he started focusing not only on cars, but on other world issues such as peace in the wake of World War I. He had a â€Å"peace ship,† called the Oscar II, sent to Norway on an expedition to end the war. This would contribute to his future project, the Ford Foundation. Ford displayed his true motives of pleasing the middle class consumer, when he lowered the cost of the Model T to $350 in 1916. In 1917 Ford started the construction of a industrial complex on the Rouge River in Dearborn, Michigan. The idea was to produce everything a car needed to run in one compact area. They had a a steel mill, glass factory, and automobile assembly line. This plant was the utopia of Ford†s mass production scheme. In 1918 Ford unsuccessfully ran for senate, and a year later he named his son Edsel Ford, the president of the Ford Motor Company. He also started a publication called â€Å"The Dearborn Independent. † This journal, produced weekly, was at first anti-Semitic. Statements against Jews were boldly printed. He said that the Jews were trying to â€Å"wipe out of public life every sign of the predominant Christian character of the United States,† as well as other demeaning remarks. After much public protest, Ford discontinued further publication, and made a public apology to the Jewish people. At this point the popularity started shifting from the Model T to larger more luxurious cars, and in 1927 the production of Model T†s ceased and six months later the Model A was introduced. This model included such improvements as hydraulic shock absorbers, automatic windshield wipers, a gas gauge, and a speedometer. The success of these was limited to 5 million, 10 million short of the Model T. It was at this time that the Ford Foundation was introduced. It was established â€Å"for scientific, educational, and charitable purposes, all for the public welfare. This organization basically attempted to further nurture the world in any aspect possible. This was made possible through all the money acquired through sales, primarily of the model T. Yet this utopia could only be temporary. As more and more large corporations started to pop up, so did labor unions. Ford was the only major manufacturer of cars in the Detroit area that had not recognized a labor union. In 1937 a band of supporters of unionization were physically beaten near a Ford plant by people suspected to work for the President of Ford. As a result, they were accused of unfair labor practices by the National Labor Relations Board. In 1941, following a massive workers strike, Henry Ford agreed to sign a contract that met workers demands. It was only two years later in 1943 when Henry Ford†s son, Edsel Ford died at age 49, and the president of the company. Henry himself was incapable of running the plants and managing business. He died in 1947 at the age of 83 in his hometown. He died a rich man; his fortune ranged somewhere between $500 and $700 million. Yet more importantly he died an accomplished man, who had left an imprint on the very definition of the word â€Å"American. â€Å"